This dossier traces the modern origins and major stages of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from the late nineteenth century to today: national movements, the British Mandate, Israel’s creation and the Nakba, wars, occupation and settlements, Palestinian mobilization, peace efforts, political divisions, humanitarian crises and international proceedings. Each published occurrence includes its sources and distinguishes established facts, attributed statements and judicial findings. The timeline needs further detail on local settlement developments, some regional episodes and negotiations; it does not claim to catalogue every incident.
As of 4 November 2026, the dossier contains 109 dated occurrences beginning in 1882. Following the ceasefire that took effect on 10 October 2025 and the release of the last twenty living Israeli hostages on 13 October, entries for October and November 2026 document continuing strikes and severe humanitarian difficulties in Gaza. Recent UN reports address displacement, access to health care and waste collection. Casualty figures remain attributed to their sources, with verification limits stated. The West Bank situation and regional developments require more detailed coverage.
On 10 October 2025, a ceasefire takes effect in Gaza following the agreement announced on 8 October and implementation terms signed on 9 October.
The agreement provides for Israeli redeployment, releases of hostages and Palestinian detainees, and aid entry. Israeli forces remain in a substantial part of the territory. Entry into force is distinct from full implementation and a durable political settlement.
On 22 September 2025, Emmanuel Macron announces at the UN that France recognizes the State of Palestine.
The decision comes during a conference co-chaired with Saudi Arabia to revive the two-state solution. It is French diplomatic recognition, without resolving borders, occupation or effective Palestinian sovereignty on the ground.
On 16 September 2025, the independent inquiry commission mandated by the Human Rights Council concludes that Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza.
The report analyses acts and intent under the Genocide Convention. Israel rejects the findings. These are an inquiry commission’s conclusions, distinct from a final ICJ judgment or an individual criminal conviction.
On 22 August 2025, an IPC analysis confirms famine with reasonable evidence in Gaza Governorate as of mid-August.
This area classification does not mean every part of the Gaza Strip has exactly the same status. The report describes extreme hunger and malnutrition and projects risks of expansion. This entry distinguishes the dated finding from projections and subsequent assessments.
On 18 March 2025, Israel launches large-scale strikes in Gaza, ending the pause established in January.
Palestinian health authorities report more than 400 killed in initial, attributed counts. Israel says it aims to compel Hamas to release hostages and relinquish power. Renewed fighting again exposes the population to displacement and disruption of relief.
On 2 March 2025, Israel halts aid and goods entry into Gaza after the first phase of the January ceasefire.
The government cites Hamas’s refusal to extend that phase under proposed terms. OCHA calls for reopening crossings. Closure precedes the resumption of large-scale strikes on 18 March: supply restrictions and military resumption are separate developments.
On 19 January 2025, a ceasefire agreement takes effect in Gaza after fifteen months of war.
It enables further releases of hostages and Palestinian prisoners and increased aid. Implementation is phased; entry into force guarantees neither completion of every phase nor a definitive end to hostilities.
On 21 November 2024, the International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu, Yoav Gallant and Mohammed Deif.
Allegations concern war crimes and crimes against humanity in the conflict. The warrants rest on reasonable grounds to believe in criminal responsibility; they are not convictions. This entry records the decision at that date without presuming the later course of each proceeding.
On 19 July 2024, the ICJ concludes in an advisory opinion that Israel’s continued presence in occupied Palestinian territory is unlawful and must end as rapidly as possible.
The Court examines annexation, settlement and Palestinians’ right to self-determination. The opinion is separate from the Gaza genocide proceedings and individual prosecutions before the ICC. Israel rejects its findings.
On 24 May 2024, the ICJ orders Israel to halt immediately its offensive and any other action in Rafah that may impose conditions bringing about the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, in whole or in part.
The order also requires keeping the Rafah crossing open for urgently needed assistance at scale. It strengthens provisional measures in South Africa v. Israel; it is not a merits judgment on genocide.
On 7 May 2024, the Israeli army takes control of the Gaza side of the Rafah crossing on the Egyptian border during its offensive in the area.
The UN reports the crossing closed to people and goods. Civilian displacement and obstacles to aid and fuel entry worsen the humanitarian crisis. Taking the crossing does not establish that the whole city is then under Israeli control.
