Mobilisation includes social and economic grievances. Moroccan authorities report eleven security-force deaths during the sequence; HRW also reports civilian deaths and documents allegations of mistreatment after arrests. Findings must be attributed to their origin and date.
Proceedings in 2013 and 2017 fuel a lasting dispute over evidence, torture allegations and trial fairness. HRW continues to challenge their fairness in its report on 2025. Responsibility for violence and defendants’ safeguards are distinct questions: the dossier infers neither individual guilt nor innocence from political affiliation.