The dispute becomes an institutional issue across Africa. Membership of the African organisation and bilateral recognition are distinct matters; neither amounts to SADR membership of the United Nations.
On the ground, Morocco’s successive berms during the 1980s consolidate control over major cities and the Atlantic coast. This military system is not an agreed international border. Mines and explosive remnants have lasting effects on movement and civilian safety. This geography of control helps explain subsequent military stability and difficulties implementing the ceasefire.