His reasoning distinguishes reconnaissance and evaluation, without extraction, from subsequent exploitation. He finds the contracts examined are not illegal in themselves, but that further activities disregarding the interests and wishes of the people concerned would violate applicable principles.
The opinion answers a specific question and does not provide blanket approval for all economic activity. Debates on Bou Craa phosphates, fisheries, agriculture and energy projects must distinguish economic benefits, participation and legal requirements. Infrastructure construction alone does not determine international status.