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MINURSO headquarters in Laâyoune in an archive photograph from 2012.

File Moroccan Sahara: from the roots of the conflict to the 2026 negotiations

Moroccan Sahara: UN begins winding down MINURSO

This dossier traces the origins and transformation of the Moroccan Sahara conflict: historical ties and allegiances, Spanish colonial rule from 1884, decolonisation, war, the referendum process, the autonomy proposal and diplomacy through 17 October 2026. It also covers populations, Hassani culture, Tindouf refugees, prisoners and missing persons, human rights, resources and trade agreements. Morocco claims the territory on grounds of territorial integrity and historical ties; the Polisario Front seeks independence through self-determination, with Algerian support. Mauritania withdrew from the territorial conflict in 1979 but remains involved through neighbourhood interests and negotiations. Morocco administers the principal cities and Atlantic coast; the military berm is not an agreed international border. The dossier distinguishes effective control, sovereignty claims, bilateral recognition and status in international institutions. In 1975, the ICJ recognised allegiance ties with certain tribes without finding territorial sovereignty that would exclude self-determination. The settlement plan accepted in 1988 and MINURSO established in 1991 did not deliver the planned referendum. The Baker initiatives and Morocco’s 2007 autonomy plan shifted negotiations towards institutions, safeguards and consent. US, Spanish, French and British positions use different wording and should not be counted as identical acts. Sources accompany each milestone. “Moroccan Sahara” is the editorial designation; UN and court documents generally use “Western Sahara.” Their substantive qualifications are preserved. No map is used. Day-level dates do not imply a known time of day.

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Archive portrait of Mohammed VI.

File Mohammed VI: activities, speeches and Royal Office statements

Unity Day: Justice Ministry announces royal pardon for 907 people

This dossier traces Mohammed VI’s public activities since his accession on 23 July 1999: speeches, decisions and audiences, visits within Morocco and abroad, institutional and social reforms, major projects and Royal Office statements. It distinguishes announced directions, decisions and documented delivery. Full speeches and messages: the Communication Ministry’s six official collections provide access to archives from July 1999 to June 2024: 1999–2001 · 2002–2005 · 2006–2009 · 2010–2014 · 2015–2019 · 2019–June 2024. Maroc.ma’s archive extends access to recent speeches, including 2026. Each selected speech entry links to an official document or identified transcript. Full texts are available at the linked sources; they are not reproduced in full on Moojaz. The 2026 edition of the official collection adds further documents. Landmark readings include the 31 January 2017 Addis Ababa address and the 31 October 2025 address, both linked in French.

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